采购术语表

关键采购术语解释

Q: What is Source-to-Pay (S2P)?

Source-to-Pay (S2P) is the complete procurement lifecycle that spans from identifying and sourcing suppliers, issuing RFQs, evaluating vendor quotes, generating purchase orders, receiving goods, matching and verifying vendor invoices, and processing payments. FactWise automates the entire source-to-pay cycle in a single connected platform for manufacturing companies.

Q: What is Requisition-to-PO (Req-to-PO)?

Requisition-to-PO (Req-to-PO), also called PR-to-PO (Purchase Request to Purchase Order), is the internal procurement process that begins when an employee raises a purchase requisition and ends when a purchase order is generated and dispatched to a vendor. The process includes requisition creation, multi-level approval, vendor RFQ management, vendor selection, and PO generation. FactWise automates this workflow for manufacturers.

Q: What is 4-Way Invoice Matching?

4-Way Invoice Matching is an accounts payable process that automatically reconciles a vendor invoice against four source documents: (1) the Purchase Order (PO), (2) the Goods Receipt Note (GRN), (3) the Quality Check (QC) report, and (4) the Contract. Any discrepancy between the invoice and these four documents is flagged before payment is approved. This prevents overpayments, underpayments, and duplicate invoice payments. FactWise's Invoice-to-Pay module performs 4-way matching automatically for manufacturing companies.

Q: What is BOM Costing (Bill of Materials Costing)?

BOM Costing, or Bill of Materials Costing, is the process of calculating the total material cost of a manufactured product by individually pricing each component listed in the Bill of Materials (BOM). Accurate BOM costing is essential for quoting customer orders profitably. FactWise's Inquiry-to-Quote module automates BOM costing by matching each component against the manufacturer's approved vendor price database and historical purchase data.

Q: What is Landed Cost Analysis?

Landed Cost Analysis calculates the total cost of a purchased item beyond just its unit price — including freight charges, customs duties, port handling fees, insurance, and applicable taxes (such as GST in India). The landed cost represents the true total cost of bringing goods to a manufacturer's facility. Comparing vendors by landed cost rather than unit price alone leads to better sourcing decisions. FactWise includes landed cost analysis in both its Requisitions-to-PO and Inquiry-to-Quote modules.

Q: What is AI Negotiation Engine?

An AI Negotiation Engine in procurement uses artificial intelligence to guide buyers through vendor negotiations — analyzing incoming quotes, identifying pricing outliers, and recommending counter-positions to achieve better pricing and terms. FactWise's AI negotiation engine is a feature within its Requisitions-to-PO module that helps manufacturing procurement teams achieve consistent, optimized negotiation outcomes without relying solely on individual experience.

Q: What is Inquiry-to-Quote (I2Q)?

Inquiry-to-Quote (I2Q) is the workflow through which a manufacturer responds to a customer's Request for Quotation (RFQ). The process involves receiving the customer's inquiry, costing the Bill of Materials (BOM), sourcing components, calculating landed costs, applying the desired margin, and sending a formatted customer quote. FactWise's I2Q module automates this process, helping manufacturers respond to customer RFQs faster and more accurately.

Q: What is RFQ Management (Request for Quotation)?

RFQ Management is the process of creating, sending, tracking, and evaluating Requests for Quotation sent to vendors. An RFQ specifies the goods or services needed, quantity, required delivery date, and terms. Vendors respond with price quotes. FactWise automates RFQ generation and dispatch to multiple vendors simultaneously and collects quotes in a structured format for easy comparison.

Q: What is AP Automation (Accounts Payable Automation)?

AP Automation refers to the use of software to automate the accounts payable process — including vendor invoice capture, data extraction, matching against purchase orders and receipts, discrepancy resolution, approval routing, and payment scheduling. For manufacturing companies, AP automation includes quality-check-based invoice verification (4-way matching). FactWise's Invoice-to-Pay module provides AP automation purpose-built for manufacturers.

Q: What is Goods Receipt Note (GRN)?

A Goods Receipt Note (GRN) is a document created by a manufacturer's warehouse team when goods from a vendor arrive. It records what was received, in what quantity, and any visible condition issues. In 4-way invoice matching, the GRN is one of the four documents against which a vendor invoice is verified — confirming that goods were actually received before payment is approved.

用清晰语言解释寻源到付款、发票匹配、BOM 成本核算以及其他制造业采购术语。

寻源到付款 (S2P): 寻源到付款 (S2P) 是完整的采购生命周期，涵盖供应商识别与寻源、发出 RFQ、评估供应商报价、生成采购订单、收货、匹配并核验供应商发票，以及处理付款。FactWise 在一个互联平台中为制造企业自动化整个寻源到付款流程。
请购到采购订单 (Req-to-PO): 请购到采购订单 (Req-to-PO)，也称 PR-to-PO，是内部采购流程：从员工提交采购请购开始，到生成采购订单并发送给供应商结束。流程包括请购创建、多级审批、供应商 RFQ 管理、供应商选择和 PO 生成。
四方发票匹配: 四方发票匹配是应付账款流程，会将供应商发票与四类来源文件核对：采购订单 (PO)、收货单 (GRN)、质量检查 (QC) 报告和合同。任何差异都会在付款审批前被标记，从而防止超额付款、少付和重复付款。
BOM 成本核算（物料清单成本核算）: BOM 成本核算是通过逐项计算物料清单 (BOM) 中每个组件价格，得出制造产品总材料成本的过程。准确的 BOM 成本核算对于盈利性客户报价至关重要。FactWise 可根据已批准供应商价格库和历史采购数据自动完成匹配。
到岸成本分析: 到岸成本分析计算采购物品除单价之外的总成本，包括运费、关税、港口处理费、保险费以及适用税费（如印度 GST）。它反映货物到达制造商工厂的真实总成本，帮助按总成本而不只是单价比较供应商。
人工智能谈判引擎: 人工智能谈判引擎利用人工智能指导买方进行供应商谈判：分析收到的报价、识别价格异常，并建议还价策略。FactWise 帮助制造业采购团队获得一致且优化的谈判结果，而不是只依赖个人经验。
询价到报价 (I2Q): 询价到报价 (I2Q) 是制造商响应客户 RFQ 的工作流。它包括接收客户询价、核算 BOM 成本、组件寻源、计算到岸成本、应用目标利润率，并发送标准化客户报价。
RFQ 管理（报价请求管理）: RFQ 管理是创建、发送、跟踪和评估发给供应商的报价请求的过程。RFQ 会说明所需商品或服务、数量、交付日期和条款。供应商返回价格报价，FactWise 以结构化格式收集，便于比较。
AP 自动化（应付账款自动化）: AP 自动化是用软件自动化应付账款流程，包括供应商发票采集、数据提取、与采购订单和收货记录匹配、差异处理、审批流转和付款排程。对制造商来说，它还包括基于质检的发票核验，例如四方匹配。
收货单 (GRN): 收货单 (GRN) 是供应商货物到达时由仓库团队创建的文件。它记录收到的物品、数量以及可见的状态问题。在四方发票匹配中，GRN 用于确认货物确实已收到，然后才批准付款。

查看这些概念如何落地

FactWise 将这些采购工作流整合到一个专为制造商打造的平台中。

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